Multiculturalism in Counseling Essay Example for Free

multiculturalism in counselor-at-law EssayABSTRACTStemming from the uprising in the 1960s, multiculturalism has presented serious ch tot every last(predicate)yenges to the family, especially to the academic sector. Criticized by social groups, directs were given to adopt platforms in recognition of the multicultural universe of discourse, and later structured their systems to cater to the needs of the growing population. Today, multiculturalism has become an important love in designing coach programs, facilities, and hiring policies. Particularly, drilling hash out was one ara that went through a non equal change. The introduction of this paper gives a brief historical background of multiculturalism in school focus. It discusses how multiculturalism was incorporated into the school curriculum, and was adopted in school counseling.The main sidetrack of this paper discusses the competencies every school proponent mustiness possess to address the needs of multicul tural savants. Anchoring on the three core competencies set by the AMCD, this paper presents modalitys on how one can be familiarityable of clients human cosmossviews in order to serve them best. In addition, it suggests separate de wickednesss or strategies counselors whitethorn consider when cut throughing with multicultural bookmans. The conclusion of the paper summarizes the ideal characteristics of a counselor, and presents further considerations school administrators and counselors can make to determine stiff counseling strategies which adhere to the demands of multiculturalism.Introductionmulticulturalism as Rosado (1997) defines, is a system of values and miens which recognizes and respects the front oddment of all diverse groups in societytheir identities, values and socio-cultural differences. In addition, multiculturalism supports plowd contribution of the finish in the society. base on this definition, we can view multiculturalism as the harmonious coexis tence of unlike cultures in the society. In the authors view, culture is non hold in to bases of origin. Culture whitethorn arise from similar beliefs, attitudes, or tinges of a certain group of masses. Thus, it in some(prenominal) case encompasses those who attain the same subcultures based on values, frugal status, socio-political status, or gender. Particularly, those who have the same subculture based on gender hold women, gays, lesbians and transgender unmarrieds.In the same manner, people blending to the same economic status or religion share a similar subculture that establishes their miscellanea from differents. In this study, we interest to multicultural people as those who embody a different set of cultures and subcultures, different than the native culture or the majority. As such, we whitethorn define multiculturalism as an approach that recognizes diversity in culture among different ethnic, gender, economic, socio-political, and religious backgrounds.Mul ticulturalism has alike become a prevalent topic in school counseling. It has prompted psychologists and educators around the world to review school practices that hamper culturally diverse scholars from performing swell in school. Now that the growing population of multiculturally diverse students seems to be taking over the White population, the challenges that go with implementing multiculturalism in counseling would probably be more pertinent in the next decades. Multiculturalism in CounselingIn the field of education, authors cry that multiculturalism rooted out from the social action of African Americans and other people of color back in the 1960s (Banks, Davidson Davidson, as cited in Gorski, 1999). The common feeling that schools had the most hostile and oppressive treatment of other cultures aroused them to protest and fight for reforms. In those days, African Americans and other cultures suffered from racial discrimi democracy and discrimination from the White popu lation who occupied professorship or management statuses. Colored people were treated as second class citizens, if non as outcasts. However, through the efforts of African American activists, schools were compelled to review their policies and hiring process in consideration of the non-Whites.In the 1970s, other groups such as the elderly, gays, lesbians, and people with disabilities also contested that institutions should pay equal respect to all peoples on matters of employment, educational opportunities, and work pay. Following this, a number of programs and policies emerged, including additional courses on prominent women or famous people of color. Despite this effort, social activists were not satisfied, for schools besides celebrated women of greatness, and not women in general. For instance, James Banks (19811989), one of the pioneers of multicultural education argued that to adhere to the idea of multicultural environment, all aspects of the school had to be reviewed. fi t to him, policies, teachers attitude, assessment programs, and counseling should be transformed accordingly. This concept of multicultural education coincided with the idea of social equality among diverse cultures.By 1980s, spare-time activity the path of Banks, K-12 teachers, namely, Carl Grant, Christine Sleeter, Geneva Gay, and Sonia Nieto exposed and criticized oppressive teaching approaches, standardized tests, classroom climate, and discriminatory hiring practices. Relevantly, this bring aboutd in every academic paid the challenge to recognize diversity or as later coined, multiculturalism, and make it their heraldic bearing to manage and live diversity (Rosado, 1997 ).Being multicultural does not only mean having a student population composed of various cultures, though this is often the contention of many schools. Rosado points out that for a school to claim they are multicultural, they must at least adhere to four standards. These include reflecting heterogeneity, dem onstrating sensitivity, realigning the schools mission, and creating an ambiance that empowers all groups in the school.With clear and careful intention, Rosado argues that schools should adopt change geared towards multiculturalism on individual as well as institutional levels. On the one hand, by saying individual level, we mean that schools should aim at urging administration, teachers and students to transcend beyond their witness racial, gender, cultural and socio-political identity to recognize other identities. On the other hand, as Rosado contends, institutional level means concentering on empowering diversity. This goes beyond notwithstanding admitting people of color, but also taking into consideration in the schools mission, vision, values, and structure how it can empower each individual.Although motivated by vertical intention, empowering people of diversity, as pointed out by Rosado whitethorn sometimes lead to a utilitarian view of giving a person his needs in re -sentencing of what he can offer his society. We say that this is very utilitarian in that it sees the individual as a utility, more than an entity with values, attitudes, and affection. In contrast, we should be inclined to think that it is the schools responsibility to provide the different needs of individuals in recognition of their diversity and nothing else. No conditions should apply as to whether the society can profit from his acts or not. Relevantly, whether the person is worthy of rewards of multiculturalism should not be an issue.Four intentions have motivated the adoption of multiculturalism in education. These include the need to right ethnocentrism, rebuild understanding and appreciation of different cultures, defuse tension and conflicts among ethnic groups, and make the school curricula relevant to experiences and traditions (Webb, 1990). In the next part, we pass on discuss how well these motivations relate to school counseling. Many research works confirm the po sitive effects of multicultural education on students. For example, Hale (1986) shows that children in a preschool program achieved higher cognitive levels upon integrating African American culture in the curriculum. In the same way, Zaslavsky (1988) demonstrates how elements of other cultures can protagonist in teaching Byzantine math concepts to students of an inner-city school. Fulton-Scott (1983) confirms benefits of integrating multicultural education in elementary programs for Hispanic students. The study reveals that students scores in Math, Reading, and Language were significantly superior over those of students enrolled in programs without multicultural integration. Benefits of multiculturalism are likewise recognized in the field of Psychology, particularly in school counseling. However, research in this area has focused more on counselors multicultural competence rather than on the effect of counseling founded on multiculturalism. In 1991, the Association for Multicultu ral Counseling and Development (AMCD) identified the need and rationale for multicultural counseling. This led to the approval of 31 multicultural counseling competencies as proposed by Sue et al. (1992) in 1991. Following this, in 2002, the APA Council of Representatives approved the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice and Organization Change, which was, in fact, based on the work of Sue et al. The need to adopt multiculturalism in counseling, especially in schools, is truly urgent and necessity for ethical reasons. In relation to this, AMCD identifies three characteristics counselors must possess. First is counselor cognisance of own assumptions, values, and biases. Second is understanding the worldview of the culturally different client and third, create curb intervention strategies and techniques Primarily, culturally skilled counselors can be identified as those who have awareness of other peoples culture other than their own. They are aware of how their cultural background, experience, attitude, biases, and values influence the counseling process of a client. Moreover, these counselors recognize their limits when it comes to tolerating other values, behaviors, or norms. To add, culturally skilled counselors are also comfortable with differences between them and the clients in confiness of race, gender identity, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs.To illustrate, the first measure of competency requires a counselor to mirror whether his own values and beliefs would in person or professionally affect the process of counseling. For example, a Christian counselor may have biases towards a Muslim student, for they have truly different belief systems. In this topographic point, if the counselor has no acquaintance of ethical limitations, he might insist that his beliefs are better or are morally upright, and those of the students are the opposite.However, such case may be pr change surfaceted if the counselor is fully aware of conflicting values he has with the student. In our own view, a school counselor should be open to all values of every student. This is different from the counselor in the private sector. In school counseling, the counselor who cannot accept views of some students is not fit for school counseling. A school counselor should have readiness to counsel every student, and there should be no instance when he would not accept a student for counseling. To ensure that the counselor meets the first requirement mentioned above, he should reflect on his values and find out if he has beliefs over against any culture, including students with different gender identities, cultural or religious practices, and other moral practices that their culture has taught them. For instance, taking into consideration the case of students with gender identity problem, the counselor must be careful not to insist that the student sticks to his biological gender. Rather, he should exercise care in handling this c ase. After all, the whole life of the student may depend on the decision he makes at the time of counseling.Culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge and understanding nearly how gender stereotyping affects them personalizedly and professionally. Considering the sensitivity of the issue of gender identity disorder, the school counselor must be careful not to affect the decision and values of the individual, for he is expiration to suffer later on should he take the wrong decision. Moreover, as Sue et al. contend, culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge about their social conflict on others. These include ones awareness of own communicationstyle, and how this style may hinder or facilitate the counseling process. Recognizing limits of their competencies, school counselors may confer with their colleagues how to overcome these weaknesses. Aside from this, they should seek further training or education on other cultures as a way to do apart with biases. The process o f balancing ones view of other cultures may take a lifetime as new concepts may arise everyday. For example, the term transgender individuality appeared only in our advanced times, but the concept of transforming from one gender to another has been known as early as the time of Sophocles or even earlier. In this regard, counselors should not grow tired of finding ship canal for self-actualization.Also, on the second characteristic, it is the responsibility of the culturally skilled counselor to gather resources to canvass about the identity of other cultures. In the case of homosexuality among students, the counselor should know the different sides of the coin in being a homosexual. In particular, counselors who deal with this issue should have a good understanding of the process of being a homosexual (Adams, Boatwright, Gilbert, Forrest Ketzenberger, Cass, Chung Katayama, Croghan, Driscoll, Kelley Fassinger, Dunkle, and Pope, as cited in Sanabria, 2004). With this knowledge, h e must let the student decide on his own whether to retain his gender identity or move to the phase of coming out.Coming out or in other words, admitting to the society that one belongs to a specific gender type is in itself a dilemma among teenagers with identity confusion. The specific berth of the counselor in this situation is to avail the youth consider advantages and disadvantages of coming out (Adams, Belz, Brown, Croteau Hedstrom, Elliott, Hetherington, Morgan Brown, Morrow, Pope, Rodriguez Chang, Pope Schecter, Savin-Williams, as cited in Sanabria, 2004). Additionally, the counselor should guide the student in the stage of coming-out by training him/her how to deal with peoples inquiry about his identity. For example, the counselor could give real-life scenarios, and command the student to react on them in order to ensure that he would be spend a pennyd for particular instances when he would experience doubt.If the counselor feels affirmative or senses tolerance to ward gays and lesbians but lacks the knowledge to handle cases of these individuals, he could remediate his familiarity with them through a lot of ways. star source of invaluable maintaination is reading literatures regarding gay/lesbian culture. At present, explorations on gender-specific cases are improving in terms of number and depth. These readings can guide a counselor to discover gay/lesbian cultural identity. Likewise, attending conferences or symposia, gathering insights from past clients and friends who belong to the same gender type will also contribute a lot (Sanabria, 2004).Also, as Sanabria expresses, if the counselor feels that he is not qualified to handle the case, it is only ethical to refer the student to someone who could offer him the right counseling. Furthermore, counselors who cannot be affirmative of gay and lesbian culture are probably misinformed and should present into themselves again if they are fit for being a school counselor. The issue regarding sexual minorities is only one of the issues a school counselor must be able to handle. If the counselor cannot help sexual minorities, he should reconsider if he should overlay practicing in the academic setting.Suffice to mention, the National Career Development Association, American Counseling Association, and American Psychological Association have well-defined ethical codes that offer guidance for individuals who work with sexual predilection issues. Included in these ethical codes is the knowledge about students behavioral identity. Importantly, culturally skilled counselors should be aware of life experiences, cultural heritage, and historical background of their multicultural students. For instance, an Asian American student has different historical and cultural background from a Latino counterpart, or an African American. When counseling an Asian American, for example, a Chinese girl who cannot relate well with her classmates, a counselor must be informed of the conservativ e values Chinese families have. Actually, the attitude of commemorateing ones silence may be in conformity with Confucian values. In this regard, the counselor cannot expect the girl to be as outgoing as her classmates are, for the behavior she presents embodies a cultural heritage among the Chinese.Furthermore, culturally skilled counselors understand the consequences arising from ones exercise of cultural traditions and rites. In some pliberal arts of Asia, for instance, there is still the custom of prearranged marriage. Thus, a counselor who encounters a high school student in this situation should suspend judgment of the custom, but rather honor it, and perhaps counsel the child to make her own choice, after laying down the consequences of abiding by the culture. In considering choices, the counselor may enumerate possible circumstances the child would face if she relents to her parents decision, or vice versa. Under no circumstances should the counselor dictate to the child wh at she should do as this may result in confusion or family conflict.Likewise, the counselor may also opt to explain the issue to the parents, but before doing so, the counselor must take precautions so as not to offend them. At all times, respect should form part of every counseling situation.Aside from obtaining a rich background of their students, a competent counselor, according to Sue et al. should also be kept updated with the latest trends and occurrences that concern his clients. In the case of a school counselor, it would be of great help if he engages in research and other activities to hold open him updated with the students lingo, hobbies, behavioral patterns, etc. They should actively seek out opportunitiespersonal and professional experiences that enrich their knowledge, understanding, and cross-cultural skills.Moreover, as some schools implement nowadays, counselors can engage in outside school activities such as outreach programs, educational trips, camps, and other activities which would help gain a more vivid profile of the counselees. They should also be actively involved with minority individuals outside the school setting. Community events, celebrations, and other gatherings may help provide a wider perspective of minorities which relate with the academic scenario.Considering the dynamic role that the school counselor plays in society, the responsibility of ensuring that they possess the relevant qualities expected of a counselor should be borne by colleges offering the course or training. Based on the literature gathered, schools have positively become fully concerned about the issue of multiculturalism. Many schools and universities nowadays adhere to the demands of the culturally diverse society. However, the way to attaining competency of some school counselors may still be too far.In one study Holcom-McCo y (2000) standed, the author identified five vestigial factors influencing school counselors perception of themselves as competen t professionals. These factors included understanding of racial identity development, ability to comprehend multicultural terminology, multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. Among which, counselors perceived lack of knowledge of racial identity development as the problem that hindered them from being fully competent in multiculturalism.To address this problem, Schwallie-Giddis et al. (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) suggest that future school counselors should suffer multicultural training on racial identity development, and multicultural knowledge development. In a study conducted, school counselors assessed the effectiveness of a nine-month multicultural professional development program. The study involved 13 school counselors in a multicultural professional development program held from school year 2001-2002. Applying three dimensions of multicultural competencies, the participants assessed their own competencies. Resources included a videotape of a case study to which part icipants reacted, in order to discover assumptions, values and biases.To assess understanding of the clients worldviews, the study do use of case studies of linguistically and culturally diverse (LCD) students. The participants were asked to apply a framework to the cases to examine aspects school counselors should consider when handling diverse students. The participants had a extensive discussion on the provided cases, and at the end of the session, they expressed the advantage of having discussions with peers.another(prenominal) session comprised of a panel interview with three mothers of different cultures. Each of the women talked about her childs experiences in school, all of which related to the inefficiency of the school officials to handle multicultural students. In all the issues raised, lack of communication surfaced as the most repeated problem. In relation to this, participants commented that had there been proper communication between parents and school officials, i ssues would have been resolved more easily.Moreover, the study also included a session that dealt with developing appropriate interventions to cases of LCD students. Through this, participants were able to exchange views and experiences which could help build up a resource for interventions to cases of LCD students. Based on this session, counselors say that most of them found it difficult to deal with LCD student mainly because of the language barrier. Furthermore, insecurities due to lack of knowledge of other cultures affected the competencies of the participants.In sum, the school counselors agreed that having enough facility to understand the student and overcoming language barriers is one major key to providing adequate help to students.Similarly, Chandras et al. (2006) suggest counseling strategies and techniques in handling multicultural students. One skill they emphasized to be critical in every counseling situation is effective listening. Effective listening, as Neuknug ( 2002) defines, includes allowing students to talk, concentrating on what is being said, giving minimal advice, empathizing, asking for clarifications, and limiting questions. When handling multicultural students, it is important for the counselor to be fully sensitive to verbal cues that relate to culture. For instance, a student who is often bullied in class may not admit why he is being bullied due to his insecurity. There are some students who would rather keep the truth to themselves or resolve their own conflicts instead of asking help from school officials. Despite this attitude, a good school counselor could still unlock verbal cues that could make the student open up. For example, a child who claims he is not interested in making friends with his classmates could likewise mean that his classmates are untamed to him and not totally uninteresting. As such, clarifying responses and not directly giving advice may help the child reflect on his own situation.To maintain effective counseling strategy, a constructive and emphatic relationship is very important (Chandras et al., 2006). In this respect, the counselors role is first to build up religion and optimism. On the one hand, gaining trust of a student is paramount to establishing a good relationship. Without trust, there can be no revelations, no life experiences told. On the other hand, developing optimism facilitates finding a solution to the problem. Also, when a student perceives that there is a solution to the dilemma, he becomes more willing to cooperate in the counseling process.Secondary to the abovementioned is discussing stages of the counseling process. It is important to inform the counselee how the counseling would go, what can be achieved during counseling stages, and how long they will take. Together with this, the counselor should set guidelines both he and the student will follow, such as time schedule, behavior rules, and limitations.Chakras et al. determine other responsibilities of a counselor. These include preparing the student for counseling session. As a counselor, one has to establish the reason why the student should undergo counseling. Asking the student what he feels is wrong, or eliciting experiences that seem difficult for him are ways to prepare the student. In addition, the counselor must assert that the problem can be worked out if the counselee cooperates in resolving it. Also, some situations that lead to the attention are considered for school counseling. These include breaking school rules, misbehaving, or underachievement. As such, the class adviser and the school counselor should work hand in hand regarding record of students behavior and progress.One of the misconceptions about counseling is that students are referred to it only for disciplinary purposes. Students tend to think that if they are called for counseling, they have been noted to misbehave in school. Thus, some students create a wrong view that counselors are disciplinarians. Imp ortantly, this issue should be addressed during school orientation, letting the students know and feel that counseling is a helping process, and not a disciplinary one. Furthermore, what the counselor can do to avoid this misconception is to call each student one by one, get to know them, and allow a time for them to be acquainted with her and her work, so that fears regarding counseling could be avoided. Importantly, not only those who have reports of misbehavior should be called for counseling, but every student handled by each counselor.During counseling session, one good characteristic the counselor should exhibit is to remain focused on the specific problem. If the students problem concerns only his classmates, the counselor should identify ways to resolve it at the said level, and not delve on the students family background, as such may give the student an depression that his problem is huge. For example, if the student identifies that he is having problems with classmates bu llying him, the counselor must call the attention of the said classmates and allow the said parties to explain the issue (i.e., tell them of the situation to find out if they are aware of the problem they cause their classmate).Furthermore, it is the counselors role to sustain interest of the counselee during the counseling process. To attain this, the counselor should ask questions relevant to the situation, and involve the counselee in arriving at the best workable solution. Asking irrelevant questions and monopolizing the discussion may distract the concentration of the counselee. In addition, the counselor may give assignments or home work so that the student would feel responsible and be prepared for the next counseling session.As regards developing appropriate intervention strategies and techniques to help multicultural students, counselors should also be effectively involved in non-academic and out-of-school activities. As the core of the students personality, the counselor s hould focus first on building family relationships. Activities involving the students family would be an effective strategy to (1) know students well, (2) gain knowledge of family structure of students, whether parents are separated, and where students stay, (3) provide a venue for family bonding, and (4) inform parents of their childrens progress/problems. Parent amour in counseling is inevitable. Some studies confirm student improvement in academic performance, attitudes and behavior, attendance, school adjustment and engagement, and beginning rates (Barnard, Epstein, Simons-Morton Crump, as cited in Sanabria). In Jevnes (as cited in Sanabria), a recent meta-analysis of 41 studies shows a significant relationship between parents involvement in school and academic achievement of urban students. Parent involvement in school can include activities designed to inform them of their childrens progress, workshops or conferences to help them cope with the difficulties of parenting, mar riage, etc. However, some parents lack the initiative to get involved in their childs school affairs. As Lareau (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) posits, parents perceptions of racism and their own negative school experiences tend to create the distance between them and the schools. One study conducted by McKay, Atkins, Hawkins, Brown (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) found that the racism awareness of low-income African American parents was positively related to at-home parental involvement, and inversely related to at-school involvement. In this case, the counselor should coordinate closely with class advisers and other school officials to help convince these parents to give priority to their children. One source of motivation could be research data establishing correlation between childrens progress and parental involvement.One activity the counselor could organize is a Day with Parents. This could be a panel discussion involving model parents (probably of outstanding students) to act as t he panel, and discuss relevant issues with students and co-parents. In this activity, the panel discusses ways on how they get involved with the affairs of their children, and how these measures create positive output to them. After the pane interview/discussion, the parents may exchange ideas in a forum to discuss proper ways to bring up children. Specifically, student problems, whether academic or personal, may also be brought up.Another activity the counselor could organize is a family day in which the whole family will come to the school to enjoy rides, games, or dining together. This event may be school-wide and would need the participation of every school personnel and students.Aside from organizing events for the family, the school counselor could also incorporate in the program field trips, camping, games, and other fun activities for the students. This will help students, especially with multicultural background, to get to know their classmates well. This way, they would al so find time to have more friends. Aside from this, fun activities would also make them draw that school is not just for learning academics but also for having fun. Moreover, other activities school counselors could provide include workshops or performing arts activities. These activities are very ideal to cultivate the talents of students. Examples of which include art, theater arts, dance, and singing workshops. After the workshops, counselors could also have a culminating activity in which students show what they have learned from the workshop. For arts, students will have an art exhibit, for dance, theater arts, and singing, the counselor could propose to school administration to allow a concert or show, in which students will be the performers. This particular activity could also serve as a fund raising campaign aside from showcasing the talent of students. Other activities to make students realize their potentials include sports activities/intramurals. This would allow sports -minded students to show their capabilities in their field. Also, this could serve as the schools campaign against drug use among students. Further to the given interventions, counselors could also conduct career orientation, especially for graduating students. In this activity, the counselor would invite some professionals to talk about their career to inspire students to follow a similar path. At the end of the session, the counselor would elicit from students, which career aroused their interest, and what made them interested to it. Importantly, students should be given many options to choose from, and career professionals to be invited should likewise have multicultural identity, so that students can easily relate with them. Evaluation sessions should also follow to allow room for improvement. Counselors also have a part in the schools community outreach. By giving orientation to students regarding the activity and motivating them to help other people, students will realize that the helping profession is not limited within the four corners of the school. The participation of the counselor is very important as this will strengthen the role of the counseling profession and the schools mission of helping other people. Other interventions the counselor could incorporate in the counseling program include achievement tests, personality tests, and other assessments to gauge the students academic and personal progress. These could help identify the needs of the students or their inclinations to serve as guide in choosing their future career.There are a lot of ways a school counselor can adopt to help in the holistic development of students. In adopting each intervention, what is important is to bear in mind its pertinence to the multicultural students. As each student comes from a different background, it is imperative to learn about them individually, and not just by names or culture affiliation. As long been practiced by other counseling professionals, one strat egy the counselor could employ is to do home visits. By visiting students in their home, the counselor will gain a clear and accurate picture of the students background. Similarly, this would also create for him a first-hand experience of the students cultural background.ConclusionAs we continue to live in the Information Age, we are driven to realize the many impacts of multiculturalism on people, educational institutions, and society in general. In particular, we see how it changed history in the 1960s with the civil protest of Black Americans, and how it restructured school policies on employment of faculty, and treatment of students. Similarly, we see how it inspired minority groups to express their views and contribute to the rich and modern culture. Moreover, we see the important role of multiculturalism in the counseling programs of schools and the community, not to mention the challenges it continues to bring counselors in providing care and assistance.Although discriminatio n based on race, ethnic origin, gender, religion, disability, socio-political, and economic status are still evident in our society, the progress attained by forerunners and supporters of multiculturalism make us look forward to a better nation in the next decades. As time unfolds, we may take pride as we watch Americans embrace Africans, Asians, and other people of color. This view will continue to unveil as school administrators continue to uphold and cultivate the gifts of diversity in their orientation of students and communities.Much to the efforts made by school activists, we may look forward to more reforms in the counseling scene, either in schools or communities. The standards set by the AMCD or APA would continue to lead counselors to realize the importance of their roles in the society. The role played by counselors is not an easy task. However, by being conscious of their own tendency toward biases, counselors would avoid disserving their clients, and in the long run, th e attitude of people especially schoolchildren toward counseling would further be affirmative.Moreover, adhering to the second characteristic, counselors would maintain a sensitive attitude toward cultures of other people. As such, they will feel the importance of bridging gaps among multicultural individuals, thus becoming proponents of unity and peace in the long run.Also part of the competency requirements of counselors is to devise or organize strategies to provide relevant counseling and helping services to the people. In this respect, their role is not limited to the school setting they serve, but it is likewise relevant to the community they work with. By fulfilling their part as community helpers, counselors would have a richer cultural experience which could help in their field.Recognizing the difficult task expected of counselors, we may develop the doubt regarding the electrical capacity of school counselors of today in taking on the said challenges. In this regard, coun selors would need all the assistance it could get from school officials such as teachers, principal, and other staff. Through the collaboration between counselors and school officials, multicultural students will realize the important contribution they can make in the society, not only in their group but also in the lives of other people, in the fields of technology, manpower, innovation, and care for the environment.The nature of helping students does not end in counseling them or providing moral support. Rather, it extends to making them feel their importance as people, providing them choices in life, and cultivating their talents. The counseling program of every school should be the most active program among all, as it involves not only the students and counselors, but also other school officials, including the teachers, librarian, and support staff. If every one in the school system shares in the goal of achieving multicultural counseling, we can hope for the success of multicul tural students. As such, everyone should his/her own part and responsibilities in promoting the welfare of the studentsthat is, giving respect to people of other cultures, helping them realize their life goals, and making them co-creators of society.Despite all the efforts exerted by counselors and other individuals to make up a better society, we can still note some people, even students who would resist multiculturalism. The harsh picture of some students exhibiting exclusivist attitude toward their peers should not be overlooked. Rather, it should be the concern of everyone in the school, especially its officials.In line with this, more studies should be conducted on how to incorporate multicultural views into the counseling program of every school, beginning from pre-schools to post-graduate schools. It would also help if psychological groups or associations would set standards particularly for multicultural school counseling. These rules would serve as guide for school administ rators in choosing the right school counselor.While it is the role of school counselors to provide counseling to multicultural students, it would also help if schools would implement a procedure to evaluate if other aspects of the school adhere to promoting cultural diversity. Particularly, school administrators should realize that the issue of multiculturalism should not be addressed by the counseling program alone, but also by all aspects of the school, including the physical structure of the school. In this regard, future research in psychology could include ways on how the schools physical structure could support counseling programs for multicultural students.ReferencesChandras, Kan, David DeLambo, Sunil Chandras. (2006). Counseling strategies and techniques to sensitize school counselors to the life experiences of culturally different students. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http//www.counselingoutfitters.com/Chandras.htmConstantine, Madonna. (2001). Universal-diverse orient ation and general expectations about counseling Their relation to college students multicultural counseling expectations. Journal of college student development. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200111/ai_n8993131Freedman, Kenneth. (1999). Multicultural counseling. Retrieved January 23, 2008, from http//www.alaska.net/fken/Multiculture.htmGorski, Paul. (1999). A Brief History of Multicultural Education. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http//www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/edchange_history.htmlHanna, Fred. (2000). Asian shades of spirituality implications for multicultural school counseling. Professional school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_5_7/ai_n6121238Harris, Anthony. (2007). Philosophy and techniques of multicultural education. Journal of multidisciplinary research. Vol. 1 Issue 1. Retrieved January 22, 2008, from http//www.scientificjournals.org/journals2007/articl es/1080.htmLesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.getthetoolkit.com/publications/transgender%20students.pdfPatterson, C.H. (1996). Multicultural counseling from diversity to universality. Journal of counseling and development. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http//www.sageofasheville.com/pub_downloads/MULTICULTURAL_COUNSELING_FROM_DIVERSITY_TO_UNIVERSALITY.pdfRosado, Caleb. (1997). Toward a definition of multiculturalism. Retrieved January 30, 2008, from http//www.rosado.net/pdf/Def_of_Multiculturalism.pdfRosado, Caleb. (n.d.). What makes a school multicultural? January 24, 2008, from http//www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/caleb/multicultural.htmlSanabria, Samuel. (2004). Culturally appropriate career counseling with gay and lesbian clients. Career development quarterly. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Culturally+appropriate+career+counseling+with+gay+and+lesbian+clients.-a0127052322Sue , Derald Wing, Patricia Arredondo, and Roderick McDavis. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards A call to the profession. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from www.counseling.org/Files/FD.ashx?guid=e14f8c36-41e7-4af8-830d-69f6057986d7 train Velsor, Patricia Graciela Orozco. (2007). Involving low-income parents in the schools Communitycentric strategies for school counselors. Professional school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Involving+low-income+parents+in+the+schools%3a+communitycentric-a0171018638Webb, Michael. (1990). Multicultural education in elementary and secondary schools. Eric digest number 67.Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http//www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/secondary.htm

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Example for Free

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy EssayDescribe the scenario that you make water selected and its corresponding employment laws. The human imaginativeness scenario the generator selected is the need for seasonal employees who whitethorn be from a nonher country. Employment laws for the state of manuscript will be a base used to solve this issue. Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws from the Employment Law Handbook insures that seasonal workers atomic number 18 provided with a minimum enlist, meals and breaks, vacation, sick leave, severance and holidays. Mississippi currently does non have any state laws requiring or regulating these requests. Mississippi uses national guidelines as a base for establishing employment laws. The federal law as of today requires a minimum wage of 7.25 dollars. The federal law for overtime is also followed by Mississippi. Meals and breaks according to federal law are not defined.Breaks taken by an employee that are less than twenty minutes must be paid and lunch breaks thirty minutes or more do not need to be paid as long as an employee kindle do whatever he or she likes during this period according to the surgical incision of Labor. Vacation leave is laid to the employer since Mississippi legislature does not have any established guidelines on this matter. Sick leave, Severance pay and holidays are all determined by an employer in the state of Mississippi due to established laws in this state (Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws, 2012). In August of 2012 Mississippi held a committee meeting on immigration reform. Governor Phil Bryant wanted to reaffirm a law preventing undocumented im migrants from recovering public benefits. The Mississippi Senate will have to take into consideration the united States Supreme Court rulings and federal appeals when drafting Mississippi legislature for immigration laws.The Mississippi state immigration law would have to comply with E-Verify laws and constitutional laws are not violated. Presid ent Barack Obama passed a deportation deferral to immigrants earlier this year but states advise pass their own immigration reform laws such as Arizona and Alabama (Cherry, 2012). The United States Department of Labor established an act called The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act or (MSPA) in order to protect these types of workers. The act protects employment related migrant and seasonal workers. The MSPA ensures that each nonexempt farm contractor and agricultural seasonal association discontinue their terms and conditions of employment to each migrant worker.The terms and conditions of employment must be explained to the migrant and seasonal worker at the time of recruitment (Department of Labor, 2012). The profession must description must also explain worker protection, amount of wages due to a migrant worker and provide an itemized statement of allowance and deductions (Department of Labor, 2012). The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protectio n Act also guide housing and transportation. The federal guide line ensures that housing and transportation provided meets federal and state guidelines with proper licensure and insurance which is enforced by the wage and hour division. The federal guidelines require records must be kept for at least iii years which includes name, permanent addresses and social security numbers (Department of Labor, 2012).The Fair Labor Standards Act or (FLSA) requires that workers on large farms are paid minimum wage but they are excluded from overtime premium pay. The FLSA prevents children under the age of sixteen from working during school hours and working certain jobs deemed too dangerous. Children that are employed on their families farm are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act (Department of Labor, 2012). The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) require employers that want to use foreign temporary workers with H-2A visas get a labor certificate from the Employment and Training Administ ration.The certificate ensures that there are not enough able, willing and qualified United State workers available to do the work. The Immigration and Nationality Act standard of the H-2A program is enforced by the wage and hour division (Department of Labor, 2012). Recommend a plan to manage the HRM situation at heart the confines of the law. Justify your approach to your scenario to HR management.The human resource management plan the writer recommends would be based on performance. Job performance and childbed performance represents what an employee contributes to an organization that employs them. Migrant workers would benefit from this type of grading system if the work performance is factory based. Task performance is the product of employees performing actions guide to the production of raw materials into goods and services. Studies have been performed to show job performance management provides feedback and measurement improves employee performance leading to better orga nizational performance (Stewart, Brown, 2011). The writer believes migrant workers may show citizenship behavior.Employees often show citizenship behavior by going the extra mile for the company, volunteering for special projects, following organizational procedures even if they are not convenient for the employee and defending the business where the employee works (Stewart, Brown, 2012). The writer would focus on counterproductive behavior before it starts. Counterproductive behavior is behavior from an employee that is harmful to a business. An employee whoremonger exhibit two types of counterproductive behavior 1) production deviance 2) property deviance occurs when employee sabotage equipment, destroys materials and products and misuse expense accounts. The counterproductive behavior can also be extended to gossiping about coworkers and showing favoritism.The writer would create a manual of policies and procedures explaining how this behavior is prohibited and have disciplinary consequences set up in go under if this behavior is exhibited. The writer would not use performance appraisals as much. The main goal would be to give feedback to an employee and listen to any problems they may be having. State how a private-enterprise(a) advantage may be gained by ensuring HRM practices meet the necessary employment laws. A competitive advantage can be gained by ensuring human resource strategies are followed. A company must have an employee handbook, benefits package, job descriptions and a payroll system in place to ensure human resource strategies are at an advantage to the company.The steps above can be followed also to keep in compliance with effectual employment issues. Laws and regulations are important to ensure equal rights to disabled worker, employment eligibility for migrant workers with the use of an I-9 form, drug screening and work place harassment. A competitive strategy can lead to effective human resource department and a successful business (Managing Employees, 2012). Speculate what might happen if the situation was not handled in accordance with the appropriate employment laws. A business that does not follow employment laws can face state and federal criminal charges.A business can avoid costly law suits by following laws to ensure employees are treated fairly. A companys compliance can save money that would be used to repair a damaged reputation. Specific laws protect employees from immutable characteristics such as sex, race, age and religion. Characteristics such as tattoos, nose piercings and long hair are not covered by federal and state laws. State laws can set a basis by not discriminating against marital status or sexual orientation and may not conflict with federal laws. The writer speculates that if state and federal diversity laws are broken a company can face many damaging hardships (Stewart, Brown, 2012).ReferencesCherry, Daniel (2012). Lawmakers Gearing Up for Immigrant Reform Battle Retrieved from htt pwww.mpbonline.org on November 18, 2012Stewart, G., Brown, K. (2011). Human resource management (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley and SonsManaging Employees (2012). Retrieved from httpwww.mississippi.org on November 18, 2012Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws (2012). Employment Law Handbook, Retrieved from httpwww.employmenthandbook.com on November 18, 2012The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection, (2012) Department of Labor Retrieved from httpwww.dol.gov on November 18, 2012

Managing Human Resources in Health and Social Care

Managing homosexual Resources in Health and friendly C arUnit 13 Managing benignant resources in health and neighborly awe distrust 11.1 Factors to be considered when planning the enlisting of exclusives to work in health and social c ar.The runner factor to be considered when planning employment is the overall(a) aim of the recruitment with a particular focus on what the plaque wants to achieve (Chen et al, 2004). For example, whilst some recruitment may be to replace an existing worker due to retirement or c atomic number 18er advancement, other recruitment may be due to the public of a new work role (Buchan and Dal Poz, 2002). In the latter case, the organisation needs to obligate a clear understanding of the skill rate, competence, command and experience levels of the one-on-one they want to recruit (Thornley, 2000).From this, the organisation then needs to consider the availability of workers, that fulfil the job requirements, that either already work for the organ isation (internal recruitment) or who reside indoors the bea (external recruitment) (Dussault and Franceschini, 2006). If much(prenominal) workers are not addressable, the organisation must then consider the financial implications associated with either tuition respective(prenominal)s to the take levels or offering remuneration and relocation incentives to encourage skilled workers in from other areas (Dussault and Franceschini, 2006). Once these decisions set out been made, the organisation then needs to consider how to rip the rightly good dealdidates for the available roles (OBrien et al, 2009). Advertisement of jobs in areas where there are adequate skilled workers in the local area is commonly carried bulge out in local newspapers and in the local Job Centre, however, where this local skilled hands is not available, the organisation may consider utilising the power of the internet, recruitment agencies or job fairs to promise they attract suitably skilled workers (Compton et al, 2009).1.2 Legislative and policy mannequin that influence the excerpt, recruitment and employment of individuals.There are a tour of legislative Acts that overlook the selection and recruitment of individuals inside the UK. These Acts include the Employment Rights Act 1996, the Equality Act 2010 and the Race Relations (Am barment) Act 2000 (Bewley, 2006). Each of these Acts is designed to minimise e rattling discrimination of individuals on the grounds of gender, sexual orientation, race, disability, religion or beliefs inside the selection, recruitment and employment process (Harcourt et al, 2005). These Acts are reinforced by a number of government employment and recruitment policies, such asImproving opportunities for older people (DWP, 2014), Making the labour market more flexible, efficient and fair (DWP, 2013) and Helping employers make safer recruiting decisions (Home Office, 2013).In addition to these government policies, the health and social care organ isation will also have their own policy to control recruitment these policies will oftentimes contain anti-discrimination elements. For example, the General Social solicitude Council (2010) issued a Code of Practice for employers of social care workers. This code of practice is designed to complement the legislative framework that has been civiliseed by the Government and forms part of the wider package of requirements for the employment and recruitment of social care faculty. Within this policy, employers are designateed with ensuring that individuals are adequate to enter the workforce and that written rules and procedures are in place to curb that discrimination and exploitation are avoided within the workplace (GSCC, 2010).1.3 contrary approaches that may be used to tally the selection and recruitment of the best individuals to work in health and social care.The selection process usually follows the submission of an application form and / or CV by the seatdidate (Mill er and Bird, 2014). The prospective motorcoach of the candidate will then review the applications and select those who display the decline skills, knowledge or level of training required for the job (MacFarlane et al, 2011). These individuals will then be invited for interview which can be carried out by an individual, a panel or a selection board (West et al, 2011). During this process, the candidate will be asked a number of questions and, in many cases the quality of their answers is usually graded, thereby providing a score at the end of the interview (Harris et al, 2007). As such, the lastest scoring candidate will be offered the job. However, this process may result in the more articulate individual being offered the job regardless of their actual ability to fulfil the role (Hendry, 2012).Another approach for recruitment is the assessment centre, where a number of exercises are utilised to mimic the available job role (Edgar and Geare, 2005). These can be in the form of gro up exercises, wholeness to one role-plays, coordinate psychometric tests, behavioral tests or capability questions (Patterson et al, 2005). From these tests the assessor, or assessors, will observe the operation of the individual and thereby predict the aptitude of the individual for the available role (Gale et al, 2010).Question 22.1 How do individuals interact in groups? Make reference to relevant theories.The close to famous theory of group operative is Tuckmans (1965) model. Tuckman (1965) divided the police squads interaction into quadruple varied phases forming, storming, norming and performing.The prototypical step, forming, is where all members are learning about the opportunities and challenges facing the squad up. There will be a high level of dependence on their addressr for guidance and the aggroup will be bonding together, sharing soulfulnessal knowledge and forming friendships and alliances (Armstrong, 2006).The second step, storming, is where contrary ideas to tackle problems or issues are developed. This step can cause conflict as each idea competes for consideration. Effective counselling of this step is vital to enable all members of the team to have their say and scatter any lasting conflicts (Armstrong, 2006).The third step, norming, is where the team members fall into agreement over the solutions for their team. In this step, the team members are able to talk openly about their opinions and have the ability to adjust their behaviour to avoid conflict. The team members agree on the teams values, rules, professional behaviour and orders of work (Armstrong, 2006).The final step, performing, is where the team full understands, co-operates and supports one another, thereby running(a) as a single unit rather than individuals. Teams that have reached this step display high levels of motivation, knowledge, competence and autonomy (Armstrong, 2006).2.2 Different types of teams in health and social care panoramasThere are glob and informal teams within health and social care. The former of these is a structured team that has been formed with a specific purpose in mind (Taggar and Ellis, 2007). This team will have a definite draw and every individual within the team will have a distinct role (Taggar and Ellis, 2007). An example of this is a planetary house team that is led by the surgeon, with the anaesthetist and other theatre staff supporting the surgeon during the operating procedure.Informal teams have no structure and every individual has an equal status (Farrell et al, 2001). Within the health care setting the formation of multi-disciplinary teams often follow this informal team description (Sheehan et al, 2007). A good example of an informal team can be take backn utilise a case study of a child in social care. This child may have special rearingal needs, may have behavioural or mental health problems or may require counselling. In such a situation, an informal team is developed between the fo ster carers, the education providers, a child psychiatrist and counselling services, who will all work together to ensure the best outcome for the child.2.3 Factors that influence the effectiveness of teams working in health and social careThe first and most significant factor is worthless communication (Hambley et al, 2007). This may be in the form of poor countersign of ideas or solutions between the team members or may be as a result of conflict within the group preventing the effective flow of information between team members (Xyrichis and Lowton, 2008). However, some(prenominal) of these are a result of poor attention, as the draws role is to encourage the development of relationships and to iron out conflicts within the group (Hambley et al, 2007).The second factor is that of poor understanding of the roles and responsibilities of each team member (Hall, 2005). This is more likely to be a problem within an informal, multidisciplinary team, who are not used to working toge ther. As such, professional boundaries may be blurred, leading to confusion over who is responsible for definite aspects of the patients care (Xyrichis and Lowton, 2008).Another problem is that of information sharing (Mesmer-Magnus and DeChurch, 2009). Again this is more likely to affect the multidisciplinary team, however, it can also occur in the formal team, where one individual is reluctant to share information or knowledge as that knowledge is considered to be an aspect of power (Moye and Langfred, 2004).2.4 Approaches that may be used to develop effective team workingMany approaches exist to help develop effective team working. These include brainstorming and team building exercises (Borrils et al, 2000). However, it is the role of the drawing card to ensure that team harmony is pleaded. This can be achieved by ensuring that all team members have a turn at suggesting ideas or solutions, encourage an surroundings of listening through regular team meetings whilst ensuring th at any problems, or solutions, are followed up and not ignored (Borrils et al, 2000). It is also vital to ensure that all feedback is plastic without being overly critical negative feedback can restrict the flow of information and damage the morale of the team (Borrils et al, 2000). Finally, it is vital that the manager is able to withstand all communication routes open to encourage the exchange of information (Leonard et al, 2004). This can be done through email, face-to-face, phone conversations or letter but it is necessity for each individual to be aware of their role in disseminating information to other team members (Leonard et al, 2004).Question 33.1 Different ways in which the performance of individuals may be monitored in health and social care.Monitoring of an individuals performance can be done in several ways. The first step is to identify the current level of performance, identify where improvements can be made and form an agreement between manager and employee on ho w those improvements are difference to be made (Bevan and Hood, 2006). In order for these improvements to be made, it is necessary for the manager to link them to the teams aims and objectives. This enables the employee to understand their role within the team and have ownership over their own job (Bevan and Hood, 2006).Performance appraisal is the most frequently used shit to measure an individuals performance. The appraisal has phoebe bird key elements measurement, feedback, positive reinforcement, exchange of views and agreement (Curtright et al, 2000). Another option is through the use of key performance indicators or the setting of team or individual soft touchs (Bevan and Hood, 2006).3.2 Identifying individuals training and development needsAs previously mentioned, the performance appraisal is the most frequently used tool to measure an individuals performance. However, this tool can also be used to identify areas of weakness which will highlight the training and developme nt needs of the individual (Bevan and Hood, 2006). Non-achievement of team or individual targets also highlights a training need, however, the manager is required to keep a close eye on the performance of all the team members when team targets are used as some team members may be more efficient than others (Grigoroudis et al, 2012). Continued professional development (CPD) is another way in which a team member can ensure they have sufficient, ongoing training throughout their career. CPD includes formal courses, practice workshops, self-governing reading and attendance at conferences to ensure the level of skills is sustained or improved throughout the individuals career (Legare et al, 2011).3.3 Different strategies for promoting the go on development of individuals in the health and social care workplace.The promotion of continuing development is achieved through a number of means. Torrington et al (2008) suggest that performance feedback (through the use of appraisals or targets ) followed by an incentives package are the most effective way of ensuring continuous development. However, it is vital that the feedback is relevant, specific and credible and that it is done frequently to ensure that the employee remains focused on the teams aims and targets (Torrington et al, 2008). Incentives are normally provided through an increase in salary, the provision of training or bonus rewards (Torrington et al, 2008). In addition, in some health care professions, CPD is an obligation to ensure that individuals maintain an adequate level of knowledge and expertise within their professional area (Legare et al, 2011).3.4 Implementing an effective staff development programAccording to Gould et al (2007), there are a number of measures that need to be taken in order to implement an effective staff development program. Firstly, it is vital that all employees have a clearly written job description that is fit for purpose. This job description may include a set of skills or l evel of expertise to be worked towards, with development of the individual, through training and experience, being structured in accordance with their needs and level of knowledge upon commencement of the role (Gould et al, 2007). Another effective method of development is through the use of mentors (members of staff who are particularly good at their job) for new team members or for individuals who may be struggling with certain aspects of their work (Shah et al, 2011). Finally, it is vital that the manager implements regular performance appraisals to ensure that individual and team targets remain focused and relevant (Torrington et al, 2008).3.5 The effectiveness of a specific staff development programStudies suggest that the most effective staff development programs are those which follow a structured approach (Poulton and West, 1999 Leatt and Porter, 2002 Forsetlund et al, 2009). As such, many force the use of the performance appraisal as it focuses on the performance and the t raining and development needs of the individual (Gould et al, 2007 Torrington et al, 2008). This staff development program is also uncomplicated to implement and encourages conversation and the exchange of information between manager and employee. By tailoring the employee feedback and linking employee targets to the aims of the team, the manager can ensure that staff remain focused (Gould et al, 2007). In addition, the appraisal can highlight areas in which the employee has weaknesses or training needs, therefore effectively highlighting a logical development process for each employee (Gould et al, 2007). In these circumstances, specific training can be set as targets and can be achieved through self-study or through the attendance on specific courses.Question 44.1 Theories of leaders and applying them to oversight in a nursing home setting.There are four key theories of leadership that have recently replaced the conventional hierarchical-based leadership seen within the NHS. T hese four key domains of leadership are relational, personal, contextual and technical all of which can be applied to the nursing home setting. relative leadership promotes organisational and individual change, encourages engagement and communication between staff and patients and focuses on the dynamics of working relationships and patient experiences (Bolden and Gosling, 2006). The personal leadership theory includes the promotion of wistful learning, personal resilience and self-awareness as a leader (Boaden, 2006). Contextual leadership utilises policy and strategy within the healthcare field to promote development by understanding the positions and strengths of various stakeholders and/or employees (Brazier, 2005). Technical leadership involves the improvement of methodologies, approaches and philosophies within the working environment. This theory adopts the position of the leader changing things for the better while a manager maintains existing dusts in good working order (Checkland, 2014).4.2 The way of influencing individuals and teams by task parcelingAccording to Dowding and Barr (1999), task allocation influences both individual and team performance. This is obvious when considering the role and skill set of each individual within the workplace. When considering a nursing home environment, a simplified task list may be used for the doctor to examine and diagnose the patient, the nurse to provide the correct medication and for the carer to feed or bathe the patient. As such, these tasks are allocated in accordance with the skill and expertise of the individual. Where tasks are not allocated effectively within the team and do not match the skill set of the individual, performance of both the individual and the team will obviously be impaired (Stewart and Barrick, 2000). However, if tasks are allocated effectively, team and individual performance will be enhanced.4.3 Managing working relationshipsThe most effective way of managing working relatio nships is by trusting your employees to carry out their role to a high standard (Williams, 2007). In addition, an effective leader should always respect their workforce, be honest, considerate and value their employees opinions and values (Williams, 2007). They should promote a culture of openness within their team and strive to understand the different backgrounds and perspectives of the team members. There should also be a great focus on communication both within the team and between the manager and team members (Barrick et al, 2007). This focus should be on utilising the most effective form of communication in each specific scenario. For example, when discussing weaknesses, a private meeting would be clutch whilst for team targets, team meetings or group emails would be more effective. In addition, body language, listening skills, ability to maintain eye contact and attentiveness are all effective ways to develop and maintain a working relationship.4.4 Evaluating own development that has been influenced by management approachesMy own development has been influenced through a number of leadership and management approaches. Firstly, through the use of personal performance appraisals, I have been encouraged to focus on areas of weakness as headspring as my strengths. By highlighting these weaknesses, I have then been able to trim down(p) on training or the gathering of information through self-directed reading, to improve my knowledge in these weak areas. Team-working has been improved through the promotion of working relationships between team members, through the use of team-building sessions and activity workshops. In addition, whilst it is declare that everyone has a poor manager at some point in their career, these poor managers accentuate the skills of the effective leader and have helped me to develop good leadership skills. I have also been allowed to mentor new employees as I was very effective in my role. However, I consider the most effective m anagement approach for me, to have been through the use of task allocation and team target setting. Whilst I originally assumed that the task allocation was for an individuals benefit, I can now see how this benefits the whole team. abducesArmstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of piece Resource Management Practice, 10th edition, London, Kogan Page.Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H., Kristof-Brown, A. L., Colbert, A. E. (2007). The moderating role of top management team interdependence Implications for real teams and working groups. honorary society of Management diary, 50(3), 544-557.Bevan, G., Hood, C. (2006). Whats measured is what matters targets and gaming in the English public health care system. universe Administration, 84(3), 517-538.Bewley, H. (2006). Raising the standard? The regulation of employment, and public sector employment policy. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(2), 351-372.Boaden, R. J. (2006). lead development does it make a difference?. Leadership Organi zation Development Journal, 27(1), 5-27.Bolden, R., Gosling, J. (2006). Leadership competencies time to change the tune? Leadership, 2(2), 147-163.Borrils, C., West, M., Shapiro, D., Rees, A. (2000). Team working and effectiveness in health care. British Journal of Health Care Management, 6(8), 364-371.Brazier, D. K. (2005). Influence of contextual factors on health-care leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 26 (2), 128-140.Buchan, J., Dal Poz, M. R. (2002). Skill mix in the health care workforce reviewing the evidence. bulletin of the World health Organization , 80(7), 575-580.Checkland, K. (2014). Leadership in the NHS does the Emperor have any clothes? Journal of Health Services Research Policy, ahead of print.Chen, L., Evans, T., Anand, S., Boufford, J. I., Brown, H., Chowdhury, M., Wibulpolprasert, S. (2004). Human resources for health overcoming the crisis. The Lancet, 364(9449), 1984-1990.Compton, R. L., Morrissey, W. J., Nankervis, A. R., Morrissey, B. (2009). Effective recruitment and selection practices. North Ryde CCH Australia Limited.Curtright, J. W., Stolp-Smith, S. C., Edell, E. S. (2000). Strategic performance management development of a performance measurement system at the mayo Clinic. Journal of Healthcare Management, 45, 58-68. division of blend in and Pensions. (2013). Making the labour market more flexible, efficient and fair. Available online at https//www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-the-labour-market-more-flexible-efficient-and-fair accessed 14 October 2014.Department of Work and Pensions. (2014). I mproving opportunities for older people. 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Developing a theory-based instrument to assess the impact of continuing professional development activities on clinical practice a study protocol. Implementation Science, 6(1), 17-19.Leonard, M., Graham, S., Bonacum, D. (2004). The human factor the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13(suppl 1), i85-i90.MacFarlane, F., Greenhalgh, T., Humphrey, C., Hughes, J., Butler, C., Pawson, R. (2011). A new workforce in the making? A case study of strategic human resource management in a whole-system change effort in healthcare. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(1), 55-72.Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., DeChurch, L. A. (2009). Information sharing and team performance a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 535.Miller, S., Bird, J. (2014). Assessment of practitioners and students values when recruiting Sam Miller and Jim Bird explain how values-based recruitment is being used to create a workforce that is suitable to provide the care required by the NHS. Nursing Management, 21(5), 22-29.Moye, N. A., Langfred, C. W. (2004). Information sharing and group conflict Going beyond decision making to understand the effects of information sharing on group performance. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(4), 381-410.OBrien, W., Soibelman, L., Elvin, G. (2003). Collaborative design processes an active-and consultive-learning course in multid isciplinary collaboration. Journal of Construction Education, 8(2), 78-93.OBrien, M. J., Squires, A. P., Bixby, R. A., Larson, S. C. (2009). case development of community health workers an examination of selection and training processes in the intervention literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(6), S262-S269.Patterson, F., Ferguson, E., Norfolk, T., Lane, P. (2005). A new selection system to recruit general practice registrars preliminary findings from a validation study. British Medical Journal, 330(7493), 711-714.Poulton, B. C., West, M. A. (1999). The determinants of effectiveness in primary health care teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13(1), 7-18.Shah, S. K., Nodell, B., Montano, S. M., Behrens, C., Zunt, J. R. (2011). clinical research and global health mentoring the next generation of health care students. Global Public Health, 6(3), 234-246.Sheehan, D., Robertson, L., Ormond, T. (2007). Comparison of language used and patterns of communication in interprofessional and multidisciplinary teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 21(1), 17-30.Stewart, G. L., Barrick, M. R. (2000). Team structure and performance Assessing the mediating role of intrateam process and the moderating role of task type. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 135-148.Taggar, S., Ellis, R. (2007). The role of leaders in shaping formal team norms. 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International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(1), 140-153.Managing Human Resources in Health and Social CareManaging Human Resources in Health and Social Care4.1 Explanation of theories of leadership that apply to the Health and Social Care workplace.There are four key theories of leadership that have recently replaced the traditional hierarchical-based leadership seen within the NHS. These four key domains of leadership are relational, personal, contextual and technical all of which can be applied to the nursing home setting. Relational leadership promotes organisational and individual change, encourages engagement and communication between staff and patients and focuses on the dynamics of working relation ships and patient experiences. The personal leadership theory includes the promotion of reflective learning, personal resilience and self-awareness as a leader. Contextual leadership utilises policy and strategy within the healthcare field to promote development by understanding the positions and strengths of various stakeholders and/or employees. Technical leadership involves the improvement of methodologies, approaches and philosophies within the working environment. This theory adopts the position of the leader changing things for the better while a manager maintains existing systems in good working orders.Definition2CR2 of management Management takes place within a structured organisational setting with prescribed roles. It is directed towards the achievement of aims and objectives through influencing the efforts of others.Classical management theoryEmphasis on structurePrescriptive about what is good for the mansionPractical manager (except Weber, sociologist)Henri Fayol (1841 1925), France1.Division of workReduces the span of attention or effort for any one person or group. Develops practice and familiarity2. AuthorityThe right to give an order. Should not be considered without reference to responsibility3. DisciplineOutward marks of respect in accordance with formal or informal agreements between pie-eyed and its employees4. Unity of commandOneman superior5. Unity of directionOne head and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interestThe interests of one individual or one group should not prevail over the general good. This is a difficult area of management7. RemunerationPay should be fair to both the employee and the firm8. CentralisationIs always present to a greater or less extent, depending on the surface of the company and quality of its managers9. Scalar chainThe line of authority from top to bottom of the organisation10. OrderA place for everything and everything in i ts place the right man in the right place11. EquityA combination of kindliness and justice towards the employees12. Stability of tenure of personnelEmployees need to be minded(p) time to settle into their jobs, even though this may be a lengthy period in the case of the managers13. InitiativeWithin the limits of authority and discipline, all levels of staff should be encouraged to show initiative14. Esprit de corpsHarmony is a great strength to an organisation teamwork should be encouragedAdvantagesFayol was the first person to actually give a definition of management which is generally familiar today namely forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.Fayol also gave much of the basic oral communication and concepts, which would be elaborated upon by future researchers, such as division of labour, scalar chain, unity of command and centralization.DisadvantagesFayol was describing the structure of formal organizations.Absence of attention to issues suc h as individual versus general interest, remuneration and equity suggest that Fayol saw the employer as paternalistic and by definition working in the employees interest.Fayol does mention the issues relating to the sensitivity of a patients needs, such as initiative and esprit de corps, he saw them as issues in the context of rational organisational structure and not in terms of adapting structures and changing peoples behaviour to achieve the best fit between the organisation and its customers.Many of these principles have been absorbed into modern day organisations, but they were not designed to sleep with with conditions of rapid change and issues of employee participation in the decision making process of organisations, such as are current today in the early twenty-first century.4.2 Analyse how working relationships may be managed.The most effective way of managing working relationships is by trusting your employees to carry out their role to a high standard (Williams, 2007). In addition, an effective leader should always respect their workforce, be honest, considerate and value their employees opinions and values (Williams, 2007). They should promote a culture of openness within their team and strive to understand the different backgrounds and perspectives of the team members. There should also be a great focus on communication both within the team and between the manager and team members (Barrick et al, 2007). This focus should be on utilising the most effective form of communication in each specific scenario. For example, when discussing weaknesses, a private meeting would be appropriate whilst for team targets, team meetings or group emails would be more effective. In addition, body language, listening skills, ability to maintain eye contact and attentiveness are all effective ways to develop and maintain a working relationship.The way of influencing individuals and teams by task allocationAccording to Dowding and Barr (1999), task allocation influen ces both individual and team performance. This is obvious when considering the role and skill set of each individual within the workplace. When considering a nursing home environment, a simplified task list may be used for the doctor to examine and diagnose the patient, the nurse to provide the correct medication and for the carer to feed or bathe the patient. As such, these tasks are allocated in accordance with the skill and expertise of the individual. Where tasks are not allocated effectively within the team and do not match the skill set of the individual, performance of both the individual and the team will obviously be impaired (Stewart and Barrick, 2000). However, if tasks are allocated effectively, team and individual performance will be enhanced.4.3 Evaluate2CR4 how own development has been influenced by management approaches encountered in own experience.As a HR Manager for pine Care Residential home my own development has been influenced through a number of leadership a nd management approaches. Firstly, through the use of personal performance appraisals, I have been encouraged to focus on areas of weakness as well as my strengths. By highlighting these weaknesses, I have then been able to concentrate on relevant training the gathering of information through self-directed reading, to improve my knowledge in these weak areas. Team-working has been improved through the promotion of working relationships between team members, through the use of team-building sessions and activity workshops. In addition, whilst it is acknowledged that everyone has a poor manager at some point in their career, these poor managers accentuate the skills of the effective leadership and have helped me to develop good leadership skills. I have also been allowed to mentor new employees as I was very effective in my role. However, I consider the most effective management approach for me, to have been through the use of task allocation and team target setting. Whilst I original ly assumed that the task allocation was for an individuals benefit, I can now see how this benefits the whole2CR5 team.Management approaches Leadership style MotivationMentoringCoaching instructionShadowingTask orientationTeam orientationIndividual orientationOwn developmentAttributesConfidenceSkill competencyKnowledgeUnderstandingReferenceUrwick, L.F. (1968), Great Names in Management Henri Fayol, 18411925, lecture presented at the University of New South Wales, 19 June, Urwick papers, Henley Management College, ref. 3/5, unpublished.http//www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/ref/10.1108/002517405106348952CR1Explain the eight (8) leadership theories, such great man, trait, etc.2CR2Maslow may be good on working relationship or management approaches2CR3Review working relationship and analyse (break down and show relationship between each topic and the improved working relationship2CR4Answer this question in three parts (1) identify the management approaches (2) reflect on what your learn from management approaches (3) conclude how you can use your experience and skills acquired to manage other people2CR5How did these approaches make you a better manager to manage other people in future

Effect of Wi-fi Radiations on Sperms in Vitro

Effect of Wi-fi Radiations on Sperms in VitroSPERM deoxyribonucleic acid FRAGMENTATION AND ROS.Omkar Pokharkar, Himanshu Patel, Vidisha Bhatt . summaryAll around the globe, studies are conducted to determine the effect of Wi-Fi on the quality of sperm cell cells both in vivo and in vitro. To determine the level of damage to the sperms in vitro, sperm chromatin spreading scrutiny along with se men analysis was performed to map the gesture, vim, morphology and also the atomization in the sperms which are exposed and which are not exposed to radiations emitted by Wi-Fi. It was found after exposing sperm samples to Wi-Fi for long durations in a closed cabin placing sperm samples near Wi-Fi r issueer can affect sperm quality to a great extent, reducing motility of sperms and causing DNA fragmentations in sperms. And unexposed samples were in better condition both in terms of motility and fragmentation. This study proved the ill effects of using Wi-Fi on laptops and mobiles on spe rms in vitro.Keywords Sperms, in vitro, fragmentation, DNA, motility, vitality, Wi-Fi radiations, ROS.INTRODUCTIONWi-Fi radiations from laptops and mobiles can impair or damage sperms. motility of the sperms are said to be reduced due to prolong word-painting of sperms to radiations emitted by Wi-Fi (Wireless faithfulness). This study was carried out to verify that radiations affect sperm motility and remediation the DNA causing fragmentation. This experiment is to note the motility, vitality and levels of DNA damage after exposing sperm samples to Wi-Fi for certain period of clipping. DNA fragmentation is a bearing to accurately map the sperms with staccato and non fragmented DNA. Sperms with fragmented DNA disperse no halos and sperms with non fragmented DNA disperse voluminous halos and degrading sperms show polished halos. If the radiation from Wi-Fi affects motility, vitality and DNA of spermatozoa it would be revealed after performing standard semen analysis according to the criteria set by WHO1 and Sperm chromatin dispersion streamlet (SCD).MATERIALS AND METHODSFor this type of study semen samples from 12 fertile men with no recent history of illness aged 22-29 were obtained in wide mouthed aggregation jars during the period of sexual abstinence of 3 days. Each of the 12 Sperm samples were washed by swim up method which has high rate of advantage in obtaining viable sperms, for removal of debris and dead or immotile sperms and only motile sperms were used. This was to make sure that before exposing the samples to Wi-Fi there were all bouncing sperms with good motility and no pre dead or immotile sperms were present to map accurate changes due to radiations. All 12 samples were subjected to semen analysis as per the criteria of mankind health organization. Motility, vitality, morphology, and ph was observed and noted down 1, this was done before exposing sperms to radiations. These results were compared to the results obtained after radiatio n characterisation. Motility was calculated by using a formula 100 X (number of motile spermatozoa)/ (total number of spermatozoa counted). More than 400 spermatozoa per ejaculate were evaluated for estimation of motility. Each 12 Sperm samples were divided in 3 fractionals of 0.5 ml each and out of three aliquot, 2 aliquots were exposed to Wi-Fi radiations for different periods of time, 1st aliquot was exposed to radiation for 1 hour and second aliquot was exposed for 3 hours. These 2 aliquots were labeled as study and one aliquot was considered as hold in sample and was kept in different board to avoid any radiations or other factors which would influence sperms. The 0.5ml aliquots of sperm samples were placed in tubes. After mental picture of Wi-Fi radiations to sperms the motility, morphology, vitality and ph was observed again and results were recorded. The results from pre ikon and post exposure of sperms to radiations were compared later. The samples were exposed to ra diations by keeping the samples in a closed cabin near the router of the Wi-Fi and several laptops and mobiles were kept in close law of proximity with Wi-Fi enabled also the laptops were downloading and uploading info continuously during the time of exposure to max the radiations2. The samples were placed in close set of all laptops, router and mobiles the distance between samples and Wi-Fi sources was about 1-2 inches.DNA FRAGMENTATION TEST (SCD) then(prenominal) DNA fragmentation or Sperm chromatin dispersion test was carried out on all samples to check the serving of DNA fragmentations in samples exposed for 90 minutes (1 hour) and samples exposed for 180 minutes (3 hours) and these outcomes were compared with control samples (sample which was not subjected Wi-Fi or any other factor which forget affect sperm). The solidified agarose colloidal colloidal gel tubes were boiled in water using the float at about 90 0C 100 0C for 2 minutes so that the gel in the tube liquefies and then cool down the tubes at 37 0C for 5 minutes. and then 40 liter of semen sample from control samples was added and mixed with liquefied agarose gel tube, similarly 40 liter of semen sample from first test sample (Wi-Fi for 90 minutes) was obtained and was mixed with second agarose gel eppendroff. Again 40 liter of sample from second test sample (Wi-Fi for 180 minutes) was extracted and mixed with third agarose gel eppendroff. These 3 tubes represent the control and test sample hangings respectively. Three pre coated slides were used to study and compare between 1 control sample (not exposed to Wi-Fi) and 2 test samples with varying periods of exposure to radiations. Then cl liter of suspension from control tube was obtained with micropipette and placed on the coated slide and was covered with a cover slip. Similarly 150 liter of suspension from first test sample was obtained with micropipette and placed on second slide and was covered with cover slip. Again 150 liter of suspension from second test sample was obtained and placed on the third coated slide. These 3 slides were prepared simultaneously, air bubbles were avoided and the slides were transferred to a fridge to maintain the temperature around 40C80C for 5 minutes. This step helps in solidification of gel on the slide. Then after 5 minutes, slides were obtained from fridge and the cover slips from the 3 slides were removed carefully such that gel integrity is not affected. Then the slides were placed on even surface and was overlaid with 1 ml of acid denaturant each and was incubated at 22 0C for about 7 minutes and the solution was drained completely after 7 minutes. Then adjacent step was to overlay 1 ml of lysis solution each on all 3 slides and was incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. After 20 minutes the lysis solution was drained completely. Lysis solution possesses a pungent odor. Then all 3 slides were washed in slanting position with 20 ml distilled water with help of syringe or a dropper. In the next step all the 3 slides were sequentially dehydrated using dehydrating solution 1, 2, and 3 provided in the kit. Then the slides were allowed to air dry for few minutes. In this time period working imperfection was prepared using corrupt solution and stain dilution buffer. Working Stain was prepared by taking 400 liter of stain solution and mixing it with 100 liter of stain dilution buffer in a dilution tube. So for 3 slides the stain was prepared 3 times. This working stain must(prenominal) be used within 1 hour of preparation. After air drying all 3 slides, 200 -300 liter of working stain was overlaid each on all 3 slides representing control and test slides respectively. Then the slides were rocked by tilting in to and fro directions for 3 minutes to maintain even distribution of stain over the slide. After 3 minutes the slides were washed by dipping and moving in a couplin jar or a beaker filled with tap water. Then the slides were kept in slanting position to air dry. This marks the end to the procedure for making sperm DNA fragmentation slides of both control and test samples. Sperm DNA fragmentation was calculated by formula 100 X (Number of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA)/ (Total number of spermatozoa counted) 3. More than 500 spermatozoa per ejaculate were evaluated for estimation of sperm DNA fragmentation 3. This study took around 25 days for completion (6th January 31st January, 2015).RESULTSNormal Semen analysis of 12 samples before exposing it to Wi-Fi radiations showed motility dowry around (72 4.18) and after exposure to radiations for 90 minutes the motility rate decreased to about (65 3.2) and the samples exposed to 180 minutes showed further decrease in motility percent which chuckd (56 2.89). Similarly vitality percentage of all 33 sperm samples before exposure was about (71 4.07) and after exposure for 90 minutes it shifted to (61 5.78). And also samples exposed for 180 minutes indicated a d ecrease in vitality ranging from (48 7.98). Morphology defects due to radiations were prominent when compared to the samples not exposed to Wi-Fi. Defective mid(prenominal)(prenominal) piece and several head defects were significant in test samples. On the other hand ph was not affected by radiations and was in the range of 7.2 -8.0 for both test and control samples before and after exposure.Table I. showing differences in sperm motility as the time duration of radiation exposure increasedI. A chart showing motility percentagesTable II. Showing differences in sperm vitality as the time duration of radiation exposure increasesII. A chart showing vitality percentages.The principle of DNA fragmentation test lies in dispersion of a characteristic halos, which indicates the status of the spermatozoa. If a big halo is dispersed then the DNA of the sperm is not fragmented. On the other hand when small halo is dispersed by a sperm then it is on the verge of fragmentation/degradation and al so when no halo is dispersed by sperm then it is a sign of fragmented DNA or the entire sperm is degraded 4. DNA fragmentation test also known as sperm chromatin dispersion test was carried out for all 12 samples and the slides were observed under bright field microscope, it was revealed that the samples exposed to Wi-Fi radiations showed high percentages of DNA fragmentation. Whereas Sperm samples unexposed to Wi-Fi radiations showed fewer fragmentations. Fragmentation percentages of unexposed samples were in the range of (10 5.11).Test samples exposed to Wi-Fi radiations for 90 minutes revealed (23 6.1) of DNA fragmentations. On the other hand, samples exposed to Wi-Fi radiations for 180 minutes showed (34 7.04) of DNA fragmentation.Table III. Showing levels of DNA fragmentations caused due to Wi-Fi radiationsIII. A chart showing percentage of DNA fragmentation in sperms.CONCLUSIONFrom the study conducted above it was discovered that Wi-Fi radiations had detrimental effects on sperm motility, vitality and morphology. Semen analysis of 12 samples proved that sperm motility was greatly reduced as the time of exposure to Wi-Fi radiations was increased. Morphological defects in head and mid piece were noticeable after comparing exposed and unexposed samples using bright field microscope and staining the slides with Giemsa stain. Analysis and calculations of DNA fragmentation caused by radiations revealed that the percentage of fragmentation also increased with increase in time of exposure to Wi-Fi. So from the findings mentioned above it was clear that Wi-Fi radiations from laptops and mobiles could cause damaging effects to sperms and could degrade their ability to tab motile and fertilize the egg.DISCUSSIONThere is a rapid progress in fields such as electronics and telecommunication, computers etc making mankind smart and advance. primary programmable computer was made by Charles Babbage in 1830s. And later giant computer named ENIAC was built by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. Now in 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate with advancement in technology, a new era of computers and laptops have emerged which are much smaller in size and are portable with wireless fidelity also known as Wi-Fi .It was long known that Wi-Fi radiations had the potential to impair sperms ability to function properly and could reduce the fertility of men habituated to use laptop and mobile Wi-Fi for long periods of time and almost every day. This experiment was a recreation of the situation in which sperms get exposed to radiations when an soulfulness works on his laptop or mobile with Wi-Fi enabled. However, this was an artificial way to map the effects of radiations on sperms in vitro. In in vivo, effects of radiations must be much different than the results obtained when performed in vitro. The layers of testes acts as protective covering which absorbs much of the radiations and shields sperms from the devastating ef fects of radiations but only to some extent where as in in vitro there was not enough biological protection to sperm samples and were little more susceptible to the radiations. The samples placed in tubes were exposed to radiations by keeping the sample tubes in a closed cabin near the router of the Wi-Fi and several laptops (hp, dell and Acer) and mobiles (NOKIA, Samsung) were kept in close proximity (1-2 inches) with Wi-Fi enabled (3G) and also the laptops were downloading and uploading data continuously during the time of exposure to max out the radiations 2. Samples were not placed infra the laptop to avoid getting a combined effect of ignite and Wi-Fi radiations on sperms because the study was purely about radiations and not heat + radiations. However, keeping samples beneath laptop with Wi-Fi would mimic a person keeping laptop on his lap. But other factors such as heat would also contribute in DNA fragmentation which was undesirable in this study. It was possible to place t he samples beneath the laptop with air conditioner turned on to maintain the temperature under the laptop as equal to room temperature (25-27 0C) even if the laptop generates heat 2. But In this study, we completely eliminated the chance or risk of other factors which would influence the results. The study was focused only on effect of radiations. The results of this study were quite intimidating. From studies conducted around the world it is scientifically proven that laptops generating heat and Wi-Fi generating radiations for longer periods of time can affect fertility of men and mobiles or cell phones will do the same.25678910. So it is better(predicate) to minimize the time span for usage of Wi-Fi and the connection must be disabled/turned off when not in use avoiding radiations and also laptops must be kept on working desks or tables during the use, avoiding the excess heat emitted by laptops which comes in close contact with testes or pelvis area.AKNOWLEDGEMENTThis material i s establish on the work supported by the Stem cure private ltd, centre for reproductive medicine and stem cell development, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India authors want to say convey to, Mrunmayee Pande and Ramesh Parmar for assistance, Madhuri Patel for helpful input, Sejal Patel for technical support. Words are inadequate in offering thanks to the entire team of stem cure for encouragement and co-operation in carrying out the research and allowing the use of lab facilities. Authors would also like to thank D.Y. Patil University, school of biotechnology and bioinformatics, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, India.REFERENCES1 WHO. (1999). Laboratory manual for examination of human semen and spermcervical mucus interactions (4 ed.). Cambridge, due east Anglia, United kingdom Canmbridge university press.3 Akira Komiya, T. K. (2014, august 4). Clinical Factors Associated with Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Patients with Infertility. (A. E. Calogero, Ed.) The scientific world journal, 2014, 11.

Argumentative Essay on universities lecturing systems

Argumentative Essay on universities teach framesRecently, the use of learn system in universities is being questioned for its efficiency. The dilemma is that should lecture system in University be replaced with sm wholly classes. Small classes, as described by David Daniels in his article College Lectures Is Anybody earshot? emphasis on having lesser disciples in a class. This encourages more interaction between lecturer and students, aiming to have active learners and the en open lectures to be sure of the go on of their students. He also stated that students now argon lacking of listening skills meaning that lecturing system is no longer effective for them, establishing the command of change to small classes system in educating students. Lecturing system on the other hand is a traditional way of teaching apply in tertiary studies. The number of students handled by a lecturer is much more compargond to small class system. We should continue using lecturing system as it sho w more advantages than using small classes in the sense of being more cost effective, building more independent students, decreasing absentees and by being fresh in grading students.First, usually the numbers of students in universities are massive which small class system get outing not be able to sum in all students. However, if lecturing system is replaced by small classes in universities, it would be very costly seeing that more classes need to be exposed for lessons to be conducted. An excellent example is more manpower is needed to operate. According to the former president of United States, he states that an average of 1.7 billion dollars is needed to read more lecturers to conduct small classes nationwide yearly (Viadero, 1998). Many universities are lacking of lecturers and using small classes will need the university to hire more lecturers to comfort lectures. This means universities will have to fork out a lot of money to overcome the shortage of manpower. Electric bills will shoot up in addition as teaching aid such as projectors and computers as well as air conditioning to keep the temperature in room favorable temperature will need large electric consumption. All these factors will contribute in a larger operating cost. What do universities do to cover the cost? change magnitude fees charged on students This will cause education to be costly and unaffordable for those families earning lower income. The consequence of this issue will be chances of financially poor students getting high education to be slimmer. Worse though, if the management chooses to hire non experienced part time lecturers to reduce the operating cost, small class will as well be meaningless. Lecturing system will save on this problem as this system enables a lecturer to handle more students. This will also solve the problem for universities where spaces are very limited as a hall will be enough to fit in all students for one lecture. Thus, continue using lecturing sy stem not only provide a more affordable education for students but enable the campus to hold more profit as operating cost is reduced and student intakes are increased due to the burst organizing of space.Next, lecturing system will build more independent students. David Daniel claims that small classes enable lecturers discern the progress of their students and help them improve. Yet, this situation causes students to rely on lecturers. What are they, the students without their lecturers? Will they be able to give way in the harsh life in work when they are graduated their studies? This is especially an issue among Malaysian students. They tend to blame lecturers for low scrapes. However, is the problem with the student or education system itself? Malaysian students are introduced to at least 11 years of small classes system onwards proceeding to pursue their higher education. If this issue occurs, this simply means there is a critical error in the system. Students are used t o be spoon-fed with whatever they need to know and not by discovering with their own effort. Demolishing small class students used to have for their higher education will be painful for them but students must fuck off to realize that they are actually responsible for their own studies. The duty of lecturers is just to guide them in tertiary level education. Only then students whom are used to be spoon-fed will be forced to look for additional information from various sources for their subjects. Teaching a man to fish is better than giving him a fish every day. Indirectly, it might shape more knowledgeable student as they will be exposed to irrelevant facts which seems to be not utile in the progress of looking what they want. Who knows if the information is applicable someday? Hence, lecturing system will be able to shape more quality students whom puke independently improve themselves in their field of study.Furthermore, lecturing system is useful is decreasing absentees in clas s. David Daniels proposes that question and answer section in small classes peck help to shape more active students. However, is this method applicable to all students? Intrinsic students who do not like to voice out will not feel comfortable being asked and pressured by questions from lecturers. However, these groups of students are being paid most attention by lecturers as they are too quiet and these overstep more questions to be directed to them. The discomfort might cause them feel afraid to enter class. In lecturing system quiet students will alternatively get the sense of security because the large group of student does not allow lecturers to question students individually but as a group instead. The alike(p) situation applies to weaker students. Lecturers tend to emphasis their questions on them in small classes. It is true that lecturers are tense uping to help them as what David Daniels says to improve their analytical skill, but students at this age are egocentric. Ho w would they feel if they do not know how to answer a question in front of their classmates? They might feel ashamed for the quietus of the period and their emotion will keep them away from concentrating. Worse still, they might fear being asked questions again. Involved students might be stressed out and try to escape from the threatening situation. Furthermore, students studying in universities are basically at their teenage age. This is the stage where they are most attracted by the opposite sex psychologically. In lecturing system, a larger crowd provides more targets for them to prey on. Such situation might motivate them to attend class more frequently as they might want to keep a good image in front of someone they are attracted to. Besides, they might work hard in browse to get good results to be proud of. Eventually, lecturing system not only decrease absentees rate but lead students to a higher doing as well.Moving on, lecturers teaching in lecture system are fairer in grading coursework compared to lecturers from small classes. According to David Daniels, small classes allow professors to discover who knows what before final examinations. However, what is the purpose of doing so? Allowing the lecturers to set questions according to what their students know? This will not help the students but give them an illusion of the marks they get. They thought they know a lot from the high grade they achieve but the fact is just the opposite. Since students result reflect on lecturers reputation, we cannot deny that there will be some irresponsible lecturers that would use this way to help students get better grades so they might be proud too. A win-win situation? In lecturing system, lecturers might not know the progress of their students but this enable them to set exam questions based on what students should know and not what students already know. If students did badly in their examination, it serves them right for not studying hard enough. They will ev entually learn from their mistake and do better next time. It will always be better than pampering the students by helping them through examinations. Another good example will be the rate of grade inflation. Based on the statistic provided by The unseasoned York Times, the rate of grade inflation in private colleges using small class system is 38 percent higher than public colleges using lecturing system. Corresponding to this, we can say that the good relationship built between lecturers and students in small class system affect the judging ability of lecturers to grade fairly. Human are by nature emotional. Philosophically, emotion overrides the rationality part of a human. Thus, very often lecturers gave marks higher than what the student deserves especially for those who are closer and have a better relationship with the lecturer. On the other hand, lecturing system can avoid this situation from happening. The large crowd a lecturer is handling will build a barrier between the student and lecturer. Saving on the relationship part, lecturer will be able to judge students coursework fairly. The larger number of coursework submitted also enable lecturers to compare the work and give marks accordingly. Therefore, those who really put in effort to do their subsidization will deserve a better grade and be motivated to keep on with their hard work.Finally, lecturing system should not be replaced by small class system in universities as it obviously show more advantage by being more cost effective and dependable to students. However, there are improvements that can be done for the system to be more effective. Universities should make sure hired lecturers are up to certain requirements and are able to facilitate the lesson effectively. While for the problem of student lacking listening skills and concentration as proposed by David Daniels, actions such as giving short breaks at certain time and projecting some short clips featuring jokes from subject of students interest can be taken. This can help to regain students concentration. Based on the reasons proposed, lecturing system is still the better way to be used in universities compared to small class system.

The Painting Essay -- Observation Essay

The film A count on can pig workforcet a atomic number 19 words. I found the one picture in my mind that does paint a thousand words and more. It was a couple of weeks ago when I saw this picture in the writing center the writing center is lead off of State College. The beautiful colors caught my eye. I was so enchanted by the icon, I lost the group I was with. When I heard about the reflexion essay, where we have to print about a person or thing in the city that catches your eye. I knew right away that I wanted to release about the painting. I dont know why, that I felt up that the painting was describing the way I felt at that moment. When I get-go looked at the picture, it looked handle in that location were only two colors green and blue. When I got closer to the picture I noticed there were many early(a)(a)(a) colors used. I loved the way the colors were mixed into each other where you have to re bothy look at the picture to catch out the colors. The other col ors, other then green and blue, were pink, white, orange, red, and yellow. There were also different shades of green and blue. There was only one solid color in the picture it was black. The painting was of a river flowing from a lake, surrounded by very tall grass. On each side of the river there are people standing. What was raise is they were painted all black. They looked like shaded figures. They were all shaped differently but you can tell they were all men. On the top left side of the river there were five men. On the right bottom side of the river there were four men. On each side it looked as though the men were trying to crucify over to the other side. They looked tired and scared. It looked as though they were hiding, and acquiring across the river was the only way to get to that safe haven. ... ...at I get from the painting is that the men are getting a mirror image of them selfs, that makes them infer what they are afraid of. In pass when I see the painting it all ows me to see my fears. I felt that my fears changed with in two days of being in the program. I loved meeting new people and having new teachers. To me the painting is a way of masking you what everyone else is seeing. That the painter had the men looking right at each other so they can see themselves running away. In turn I got to see myself doing the same thing and was able to change because of it. When other people look at the painting they probably see something else. That is why I choose to do the painting, it gives you the choice too interpret it any way you see fit. Or it can just be a beautiful painting to look at, but the painting was so much more to me. It painted a thousand words for me. The Painting Essay -- Observation EssayThe Painting A picture can paint a thousand words. I found the one picture in my mind that does paint a thousand words and more. It was a couple of weeks ago when I saw this picture in the writing center the writing center is part of State College. The beautiful colors caught my eye. I was so enchanted by the painting, I lost the group I was with. When I heard about the observation essay, where we have to write about a person or thing in the city that catches your eye. I knew right away that I wanted to write about the painting. I dont know why, but I felt that the painting was describing the way I felt at that moment. When I first looked at the picture, it looked like there were only two colors green and blue. When I got closer to the picture I noticed there were many other colors used. I loved the way the colors were mixed into each other where you have to really look at the picture to see the colors. The other colors, other then green and blue, were pink, white, orange, red, and yellow. There were also different shades of green and blue. There was only one solid color in the picture it was black. The painting was of a river flowing from a lake, surrounded by very tall grass. On each side of the river ther e are people standing. What was interesting is they were painted all black. They looked like shaded figures. They were all shaped differently but you can tell they were all men. On the top left side of the river there were five men. On the right bottom side of the river there were four men. On each side it looked as though the men were trying to cross over to the other side. They looked tired and scared. It looked as though they were hiding, and getting across the river was the only way to get to that safe haven. ... ...at I get from the painting is that the men are getting a mirror image of them selfs, that makes them see what they are afraid of. In turn when I see the painting it allows me to see my fears. I felt that my fears changed with in two days of being in the program. I loved meeting new people and having new teachers. To me the painting is a way of showing you what everyone else is seeing. That the painter had the men looking right at each other so they can see themselve s running away. In turn I got to see myself doing the same thing and was able to change because of it. When other people look at the painting they probably see something else. That is why I choose to do the painting, it gives you the choice too interpret it any way you see fit. Or it can just be a beautiful painting to look at, but the painting was so much more to me. It painted a thousand words for me.

Phoolan Devi: Perceptions Of Power :: essays research papers

Phoolan Devi Perceptions of Power The purpose of this paper is to analyze and index gender and power as they occurrenceor into the life of one Dalit woman, Phoolan Devi. Particularly, I gestatechosen to examine the idea of whether or not she wielded sincere power. In anattempt to make it more useful to speak of this slippery thing c all(prenominal)ed power, Iwould like to make some declarations and pose some questions about its nature.Cynthia Emerson has suggested that power is ultimately based on dependencyrelationships (Emerson 1962). It is important to remember that almost allmanifestations of power require a power holder and at least one other party thatbelieves that the introductory holds power. I would like to stress the intelligence operation"believes" in the previous sentence because I think it is one of the keyingredients in understanding relationships of power. I realize that in manyinstances the power of the first party may not be undone merely by the sec ondparty ceasing to accept it, and that the power of one individual over another(prenominal)may sometimes be physically or otherwise inescapable. Often, the belief followsthe direct experience of power, but regardless of the order in which it isconceptualized, I tonicity the nature of power is inextricably founded in belief andperception.One of the most striking characteristics of Phoolan Devi is her refusal toaccept her power-deficient positions in her relationships. From the time thatshe was a child, she seems to have refused to conform to her societys graded indexing. She resisted attempts to categorize and fix her intotypical gender, class, and matrimonial positions. This is not to say that herresistance was always successful, but I am trying to show a overleap of willingnessto conform and accept her positions in her power relations. Her belief that thestatus that had been prescribed to her was unjust and her reluctance to acceptit are key factors that led to her gaining power and geological fault from her powerdeficient relationships. Her belief in her upward mobility made it possible.This belief in her self and resistance towards accepting the power forced on herhelped deprave that same power. This is the one factor that makes Phoolan sodifferent from so many of her Indian sisters that are still living under thethumb of Manus Code.Does Phoolan Devi possess real power? So far we have consideredtheoretical power in relationships, but what about physical manifestations ofpower? The first example that comes to mind is the fact that over two hundred